MEMORIALIZATION OF THE HOLOCAUST

The Hall of Names in the Holocaust History Museum at Yad Vashem, Jerusalem, is the repository of the Pages of Testimony memorializing the victims of the Holocaust. Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem. Photo: Yossi Ben David. The Hall of Names in the Holocaust History Museum at Yad Vashem, Jerusalem, is the repository of the Pages of Testimony memorializing the victims of the Holocaust. Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem. Photo: Yossi Ben David.   AROUND THE WORLD THERE ARE MANY MUSEUMS AND MONUMENTS THAT MEMORIALIZE THE HOLOCAUST AND ITS VICTIMS. MOST ARE IN EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA; SOME ARE ON THE SITES OF THE DEATH CAMPS THEMSELVES. FROM SIX LUMINOUS TOWERS IN BOSTON TO A SINGLE CATTLE CAR ATOP A RAILROAD BRIDGE IN YAD VASHEM, SOME OF THESE STRIKING MEMORIALS ARE DEPICTED HERE.   Memorial to the Deportees at Yad Vashem, Jerusalem. At the center of the memorial site stands an original German cattle car used to deport Jews to the extermination camps. Memorial to the Deportees at Yad Vashem, Jerusalem. At the center of the memorial site stands an original German cattle car used to deport Jews to the extermination camps. Perched on the edge of a severed iron track, the cattle car is paused on the brink of the abyss—symbolizing the journey towards annihilation and oblivion. However, facing the hills of Jerusalem the memorial also conveys the eternal hope and renewal of life after the Holocaust. Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.   Symbolic reconstruction of the Leszno Street, in the Warsaw Ghetto in Poland, that includes authentic artifacts. Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem. Symbolic reconstruction of the Leszno Street, in the Warsaw Ghetto in Poland, that includes authentic artifacts. Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.     Visitors in the Tower of Faces, U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum. Courtesy of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington. Photo: Max Reid. Visitors in the Tower of Faces, U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum. Courtesy of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington. Photo: Max Reid.     The Hall of Remembrance at the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum. Courtesy of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington. Photo: Max Reid. The Hall of Remembrance at the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum. Courtesy of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington. Photo: Max Reid.   General view of the weeping willow holocaust memorial, in Budapest, Hungary. Courtesy of Government Press Office, Jerusalem. Photo: Moshe Milner. General view of the "weeping willow" holocaust memorial, in Budapest, Hungary. Courtesy of Government Press Office, Jerusalem. Photo: Moshe Milner.     Memorial at Track 17 at Grunewald Station in Berlin, Germany. Courtesy of Government Press Office, Jerusalem. Photo: Moshe Milner. "Memorial at Track 17" at Grunewald Station in Berlin, Germany. Courtesy of Government Press Office, Jerusalem. Photo: Moshe Milner.   Holocaust Memorial Center in Farmington Hills, Michigan. The brick building is designed to symbolize the concentration camps. The facade resembles a barbed-wire fence surrounding the prisoners clad in striped uniforms. Holocaust Memorial Center in Farmington Hills, Michigan. The brick building is designed to symbolize the concentration camps. The facade resembles a barbed-wire fence surrounding the prisoners clad in striped uniforms. The six glass pyramids commemorate the 6 million victims of the Holocaust. AP Images.   Evening at the Field of Stelae, Berlin. Courtesy of Foundation Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe, Berlin. Evening at the Field of Stelae, Berlin. Courtesy of Foundation Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe, Berlin.     Auschwitz-Birkenau death camp in Poland. Courtesy of Government Press Office, Jerusalem. Photo: Yaacov Saar. Auschwitz-Birkenau death camp in Poland. Courtesy of Government Press Office, Jerusalem. Photo: Ya'acov Sa'ar.   View of the main camp at Auschwitz surrounded by a section of the barbed wire fence. Courtesy of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington. View of the main camp at Auschwitz surrounded by a section of the barbed wire fence. Courtesy of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington.     The monument at the Sachsenhausen Nazi death camp in Germany. Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem. The monument at the Sachsenhausen Nazi death camp in Germany. Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.   Memorial at the site of the Treblinka death camp in Poland. Courtesy of Government Press Office, Jerusalem. Photo: Yaacov Saar. Memorial at the site of the Treblinka death camp in Poland. Courtesy of Government Press Office, Jerusalem. Photo: Ya'acov Sa'ar.     The New England Holocaust Memorial was begun by a group of survivors of Nazi concentration camps who settled in the Boston area. The memorial features six luminous, 54 feet high glass towers. The New England Holocaust Memorial was begun by a group of survivors of Nazi concentration camps who settled in the Boston area. The memorial features six luminous, 54 feet high glass towers. Each tower is etched with the numbers 1 to 6,000,000 to memorialize those killed. © Richard Cummins/Corbis.   Half Title Page ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA Title Page ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA SECOND EDITION VOLUME 10 INZ–IZ FRED SKOLNIK, Editor in Chief MICHAEL BERENBAUM, Executive Editor Copyright Page copyright page ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition Fred Skolnik, Editor in Chief Michael Berenbaum, Executive Editor Shlomo S. (Yosh) Gafni, Editorial Project Manager Rachel Gilon, Editorial Project Planning and Control Gale, an imprint of Cengage Learning Gordon Macomber, President Frank Menchaca, Senior Vice President and Publisher Jay Flynn, Publisher Hélène Potter, Publishing Director Keter Publishing House Yiphtach Dekel, Chief Executive Officer Peter Tomkins, Executive Project Director Complete staff listings appear in Volume 1 ©2007 Keter Publishing House Ltd. Gale, is a part of The Cengage Learning Inc. Cengage, Burst Logo and Macmillan Reference USA are trademarks and Gale is a registered trademark used herein under license. For more information, contact Macmillan Reference USA An imprint of Gale 27500 Drake Rd. Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 Or you can visit our internet site at http://www.gale.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means – graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, web distribution, or information storage retrieval systems – without the written permission of the publisher. For permission to use material from this product, submit your request via Web at http://www.gale-edit.com/permissions, or you may download our Permissions Request form and submit your request by fax or mail to: Permissions Department <address> Gale, an imprint of Cengage Learning 27500 Drake Road Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 </address> Permissions Hotline: [phone] or 800-877-4253 ext. 8006 Fax: [phone] or 800-762-4058 Since this page cannot legibly accommodate all copyright notices, the acknowledgments constitute an extension of the copyright notice. While every effort has been made to ensure the reliability of the information presented in this publication, Gale, an imprint of Cengage Learning does not guarantee the accuracy of the data contained herein. Gale, an imprint of Cengage Learning accepts no payment for listing; and inclusion in the publication of any organization, agency, institution, publication, service, or individual does not imply endorsement of the editors or publisher. Errors brought to the attention of the publisher and verified to the satisfaction of the publisher will be corrected in future editions. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Encyclopaedia Judaica / Fred Skolnik, editor-in-chief; Michael Berenbaum, executive editor. — 2nd ed. v. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. Contents: v.1. Aa-Alp. ISBN 0-02-865928-7 (set hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-02-865929-5 (vol. 1 hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-02-865930-9 (vol. 2 hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-02-865931-7 (vol. 3 hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-02-865932-5 (vol. 4 hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-02-865933-3 (vol. 5 hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-02-865934-1 (vol. 6 hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-02-865935-X (vol. 7 hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-02-865936-8 (vol. 8 hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-02-865937-6 (vol. 9 hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-02-865938-4 (vol. 10 hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-02-865939-2 (vol. 11 hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-02-865940-6 (vol. 12 hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-02-865941-4 (vol. 13 hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-02-865942-2 (vol. 14 hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-02-865943-0 (vol. 15: alk. paper) — ISBN 0-02-865944-9 (vol. 16: alk. paper) — ISBN 0-02-865945-7 (vol. 17: alk. paper) — ISBN 0-02-865946-5 (vol. 18: alk. paper) — ISBN 0-02-865947-3 (vol. 19: alk. paper) — ISBN 0-02-865948-1 (vol. 20: alk. paper) — ISBN 0-02-865949-X (vol. 21: alk. paper) — ISBN 0-02-865950-3 (vol. 22: alk. paper) 1\. Jews — Encyclopedias. I. Skolnik, Fred. II. Berenbaum, Michael, 1945- DS102.8.E496 2007 909′.04924 — dc22      2006020426 ISBN-13: 978-0-02-865928-2 (set) 978-0-02-865929-9 (vol. 1) 978-0-02-865930-5 (vol. 2) 978-0-02-865931-2 (vol. 3) 978-0-02-865932-9 (vol. 4) 978-0-02-865933-6 (vol. 5) 978-0-02-865934-3 (vol. 6) 978-0-02-865935-0 (vol. 7) 978-0-02-865936-7 (vol. 8) 978-0-02-865937-4 (vol. 9) 978-0-02-865938-1 (vol. 10) 978-0-02-865939-8 (vol. 11) 978-0-02-865940-4 (vol. 12) 978-0-02-865941-1 (vol. 13) 978-0-02-865942-8 (vol. 14) 978-0-02-865943-5 (vol. 15) 978-0-02-865944-2 (vol. 16) 978-0-02-865945-9 (vol. 17) 978-0-02-865946-6 (vol. 18) 978-0-02-865947-3 (vol. 19) 978-0-02-865948-0 (vol. 20) 978-0-02-865949-7 (vol. 21) 978-0-02-865950-3 (vol. 22) This title is also available as an e-book ISBN-10: 0-02-866097-8 ISBN-13: 978-0-02-866097-4 Contact your Gale, an imprint of Cengage Learning representative for ordering information. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Entries INZ–IZ 5 • Abbreviations GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS 833 ABBREVIATIONS USED IN RABBINICAL LITERATURE 834 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ABBREVIATIONS 840 • Transliteration Rules 853 Glossary 856 IN-ZIKH IN-ZIKH, the Introspectivist movement in American Yiddish poetry, arose in 1919 and centered on the literary organ In Zikh ("In the Self," 1920–40). The founders of the movement included A. Glanz-Leyeles , jacob glatstein , and N.B. Minkoff , who in their first volume declared: "The world exists and we are part of it. But for us, the world exists only as it is mirrored in us, as it touches us. The world is a nonexistent category, a lie, if it is not related to us. It becomes an actuality only in and through us." In contrast to di yunge , the Inzikhists espoused all themes, rhythms, and vocabulary, so long as the poetry reflected the poet's individuality. They declared that free verse and social realities must be combined, that poetry required the poet to look into the self (in zikh) and thus present a truer image of the psyche and the world. Urbane modernists, the Inzikhists considered associations and allusions as the two most important elements of poetic expression. Dedicating themselves to the Yiddish language and poetry, they published some of the most important poets and prose writers of the 20th century. -BIBLIOGRAPHY: B. Rivkin, Grunt-Tendentsn fun der Yidisher Literatur in Amerike (1948); N.B. Minkoff, Literarishe Vegn (1955); A. Glanz-Leyeles, Velt un Vort (1958); N.B. Minkof-Bukh (1959); C. Madison, Yiddish Literature (1968), 306–11; S. Liptzin, Maturing of Yiddish Literature (1970), 40–65. ADD. BIBLIOGRAPHY: B. Harshav, American-Yiddish Poetry (1986). (Sol Liptzin / Anita Norich (2nd ed.)